This experiment was carried out to evaluation of simultaneous usage of probiotic and prebiotic on intestine MICRO FLORA in laying hens. Sixty Hy-Line (W-36) laying hens were selected in 40weeks of age. Experimental diets were consumed for 12 weeks duration by them. The experimental design was completely randomized block included four treatments and each of them with five replications and three sample in each replicate. Treatments were as follow: Basal diet, Basal diet + probiotic, basal diet + prebiotic and basal diet + probiotic + prebiotic. At the end of experimental period, after sampling, bacterial count was measured from end of cecum. Results didn’t show any significant differences in population of coli forms and lactobacillus in cecum. However total population of lactobacillus were greater in treatments contained of probiotic.

Oil pollutions as a consequence of increasing consumption of petroleum, have a tremendous effect on water and soil ecosystems and their MICROFLORA. In this study the diversity in physiological parameters, including growth rate, photosynthesis, chlorophyll-a and phycobiliproteins content, between cyanobacterial strains FLORA isolated from oil-polluted and non-polluted areas, were assessed. To this end, strains were isolated and purified. The experiments were carried out on logarithmic phase cultures of the isolates in suitable liquid media. The chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins contents were determined using a colorimetric method. Photosynthesis was measured by Oxyview apparatus. Growth rates were calculated based on dry weights. Under laboratory conditions, the photosynthesis activity and the chlorophyll content of isolates from oil-polluted sites were significantly lower than non-polluted isolates. On the other hand, the growth rate average of strains from oil-polluted sites was significantly higher than non-polluted strains. Also despite the higher phycobiliproteins content in non-polluted isolates, there was no significant difference in any of these pigments between the two groups. Altogether the results showed that in response to petroleum stress, the cyanobacteria restore the decrease in their chlorophyll content and photosynthesis activity by increasing their biomass. In fact the response is the reflects of restructuring cyanobacterial FLORA from sensitive autotrophic species to oil-pollution resistant mixotrophic species in the polluted ecosystems that in addition to photosynthesis are able to use crude oil as an energy source for their growth requirements, hence overcome the energy loss due to reduction of photosynthesis and even increase growth rate than non-oil-pollution isolates.

Saffron, a spice derived from the Crocus sativus flowers is used as a coloring agent along with its medicinal application. Pampore area in Kashmir valley is famous for saffron cultivation and is one of the major saffron cultivation areas in the world. In the present study we aimed to isolate and characterize the phosphate solubilizing MICRO-FLORA from saffron soils of Pampore (9 sites were selected). The site selection was done based on the slope and altitude of the study region i.e. elevated (location with higher altitude but lower slope), sloppy (location with median altitude than elevated and plains but higher slope) and plain (location with lower altitude and lower slope. Four types of arbuscular mycorrhizae were isolated from the soils of saffron fields by Gerdemann & Nicolson technique. The genera isolated were identified as Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and Gigaspora. Glomus and Acaulospora were pre-dominant. The highest spore population was found in summer (11.3/g soil) as compared to winter due to the congenial temperature in summer. Root colonization was more (79.9 %) in less phosphorus containing soils. The phosphatase activity was high in summer (37 µgp-NP/g/ha) than winter and maximum values were found in sloppy areas ascertained to minimum phosphorus in these soils. The phosphorus solubilizing bacteria was maximum in summer (18.5 × 105 CFU/g) than in winter and the maximum values were found in plain soils exhibiting the presence of more arbuscular mycorrhizae. The present study concludes that VAM species can act as good bio-fertilizers in order to improve the production of Saffron in Kashmir Valley by demanding more attention to the MICRObial population of saffron soils and without the use of chemical fertilizers which pollute our soil as well as our environment.

Objective: The standard of hygiene in daily life and hospitals can be increased by the use of new antiMICRObial fibers, which diminish the danger of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the antiMICRObial effect of special fibers on some staphylococcus isolates was investigated.Materials and Methods: The antiMICRObial effect of special type of fibers produced in Isfahan Poly Acryl Plant on three species of Staphylococcus aureus, epidermidis and lugdunensis isolated from 96 samples of hand and foot skin MICRO-FLORA was studied. The sensitivity of strains regarding resistant strains, to various antibiotics and beta-lactamase enzyme production was studied. The most resistance to antibiotics and beta-lactamase producer were chosen. Using the cup plate method, the inhibiting effect of pure antiMICRObial agent on these strains was proven. Next, using shake flask method the effect of antiMICRObial fiber on these strains was studied. In order to compare the effect of the antiMICRObial agent of the fiber with that of penicillin G, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fiber antiMICRObial agent and of penicillin G was tested on the strains. The effect of the interaction of these two antiMICRObial agents and their fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) on the chosen strains was studied using checkerboard method.Results: The results show a significant effect by antiMICRObial fiber with 30%, 60% and 100% antiMICRObial agent on Staphylococcus species after 24 hrs. Moreover despite the high level MIC of penicillin G on these bacteria   (8-256 mg/ml), the MIC of the pure antiMICRObial agent of fiber at a level of 10-4 ml/ml caused growth inhibition. The interaction of these two antibacterial agents on the chosen strains was evaluated as synergism.Conclusion: According to this study the antiMICRObial effect of the fiber on growth inhibition of common, resistant skin bacterial FLORA is positive and therefore may be used after other successful clinical trials.

Background and Aim Epilepsy is a common brain disorder. Brain function can be affected by the intestinal MICROFLORA. The intestinal MICROFLORA have a major role in modulating immune responses, producing essential metabolites and mediating neurotransmitters. Antibiotics can affect and reduce these roles and functions by eliminating the intestinal MICROFLORA. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intestinal natural MICRO FLORA removal on seizure susceptibility and seizure behavior modification with the use of probiotics in male Wistar rats. Methods & Materials This study was performed on 32 male Wistar rats with weight range 200-250 gr. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: 1. Control group; 2. Antibiotic group; 3. Probiotic group and 4. Antibiotic + probiotic group. To remove the MICROFLORA, antibiotics (neomycin, ampicillin, and metronidazole) for three weeks and for replacement of MICROFLORA, probiotics (Lactobacilli casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) for four weeks were administered. Seizures were performed by intraperitoneal injection of pentylentrazole. The MICROFLORA was examined by the MRS Agar medium and the Pure Plate method. The data were statistically analyzed in Graph Pad Prism V. 8. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR. ARAKMU. REC. 1395. 176). Results The use of antibiotics lead to decrease the number of intestinal bacteria (P<0. 0001), increased the severity and stability of seizure stages (P<0. 05) and decreased the time delay of seizure onset (P<0. 05) compared to the control group. Probiotic consumption by modifying the intestinal MICROFLORA (P<0. 0001) reduced the severity of seizure and increased the time delay of seizure onset (P<0. 05). Conclusion Elimination of MICROFLORA has the potential to induce seizures, which can be compensated by administration of probiotics.